I. Statements (câu kể )

S1 + said (that) + S2 + V (lùi thì)

told + sb (that)

Trong câu trực tiếp có said to / có tân ngữ thì à told sb (ở gián tiếp)

Ex: Chi said to No "I love you" à Chi told No (that) he loved her.

No said "I went to your cottage last night, Chi" à No said (that) she had gone to his cottage the night before.

- Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi Wh_ : S­­1 + asked + sb + Wh_ + S2 + V (lùi thì)

- Câu hỏi không có từ để hỏi : S1 + asked + sb + if/ wether + S2 + V (lùi thì )

II. Imperatives ( câu mệnh lệnh)

+ Mệnh lệnh khẳng định : " V* + O* + please"

--> S + Vtường thuật + O + to V* + O*

+ Mệnh lệnh phủ định : " Don't V* + O* + please"

--> S + Vtường thuật + O + not to V* + O*

+ Vtường thuật : câu mệnh lệnh thường đổi "said to" thành :

told (bảo), asked ( yêu cầu), ordered (ra lệnh), begged (nài nỉ), urged (thúc dục), warned (cảnh báo), advise (khuyên), ...

Ex: My mother said to me : " Don't go out alone at night"

-- > My mother told me not to go out alone at night.

*** Nếu sau mệnh lệnh là một mệnh đề khác thì đổi mệnh đề đó như câu kể

Ex: Hanh said to Hoa : "Buy me a loaf of bread when you go out"

--> Hanh told Hoa buy him a loaf of bread when she went out.

III. Reported speech with to V ( câu gián tiếp với to V)

1. Advise (Lời khuyên )

- Dấu hiệu : trong câu trực tiếp có "You should / why don't you / If I were you/ You had better + V"

-- > S + advised + O + to V

Ex: "You had better study hard, Bill". She said

-- > She advised Bill to study harder.

*Nếu là I/We had better + V thì không đổi

Ex: He said "We'd better leave early"

-- > He said us to leave early.

2. Offer and invite ( đề nghị và mời)

- Dấu hiệu : trong câu trực tiếp có :

· Shall I + V / Would you like me to V à S + offer + to V

Ex : "Shall I make you some coffee ?". He said to his father

-- > He offer to make his father some coffee.

· Would you like to V à S + invited + O+ to V

Ex: "Would you like to go to the zoo, Kai?" They said

 -- > They invied Kai to go to the zoo.

3. Request (đề nghị, yêu cầu)

- Dấu hiệu : Could you V / Can you V/ Would you mind V-ing/ Will you V

 -- >  S + asked/ request + O + to V.

Ex: "Could you open your suitcase, please?". The police said to the boy

 -- > The police request the boy to open his suitcase.

4. Remind (nhắc nhở)

- Dấu hiệu : don't forget to V/ remember to V à S + remind + O + to V

- Ex: "Remember to come to the meeting tomorrow". The manager said

-- > The manager remind us to come to the meeting the next day.

5. Promise (lời hứa)

- Dấu hiệu : I'll / We'll V à S promise to V

- Ex: "I'll love you forever". He said to his girl friend.

 -- > He promise to love his girl friend forever.

IV. Reported speech with the gerund ( câu gián tiếp với danh động từ Ving)

Khi đổi câu từ trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp với danh động từ được sr dụng sau một số từ như : accure sb of (kết tội), admit (thừa nhận), deny (phủ nhận), apologize (to sb) for ( xin lỗi ai), congratulate sb on (chúc mừng ai), dream of (mơ ước), insit on (nài nỉ), present sb from (ngăn cản ai lm gì), suggest (gợi ý), ... thay cho say (that)

1. Gợi ý – suggest

- Dấu hiệu trong câu trực tiếp có

What about Ving / Why don't we V / Let's V / Shall we V

 -- >  S + suggested + V-ing

- Ex: "Why don't we go camping on our next vacation ?"

 -- > Minh suggested going camping on their next vacation.

2. Xin lỗi – apologize

- Dấu hiệu trong câu trực tiếp có " I'm sorry..."

 -- > S + apologized to sb for V-ing

- Ex: " I'm sorry, I couldn't come with you last night". Kai said to Hana

 -- >  Kai apologized to Hana for coming with her the night before.

3. Cảm ơn

- Dấu hiệu trong câu trực tiếp có " Thanks / Thank to ..."

-- >  S+ thanked sb for V-ing

- Ex: "It's nice of u to listen to my presentation. Thank u". Mr.Vu said to us

 -- >  Mr.Vu thanked us for listening to his presentation (cách trình bày)

4. Lời tố cáo – accuse /əꞌkju:z/

S + accused sb of V-ing

Ex: "You took some of my money". He said

 -- > He accused me of taking some of his money.

5. Sự chấp nhận hoặc phủ nhận điều gì

Chấp nhận : S + admitted +V-ing

Ex: " I stole it". Minh said

 -- > Minh admitted stealing it . ( steal [Vt] : ăn cắp)

Phủ nhận : S + denied + V-ing

Ex:" I didn't steal it". Minh said

 -- > Minh denied stealing it.

6. Lời chúc mừng

Trong câu trực tiếp có : "Congratulation /kən,grætjuꞌleiʃn/..."

 -- > S + congratulated sb on V-ing

Ex: "I hear you received the scholarship. Congratulation"

-- > He congratulated me on receiving the scholarship.

7. Sự cương quyết, khăng khăng điều gì

S + insited on + V-ing

Ex: "I will help you with your Mathematics" . Peter said to Susan

-- > Peter insited on helping Susan with her Mathematics.

8. Sự ngăn cấm, ngăn cản

S + prevented sb from V-ing

Ex: " No, no. Sit down and don't go out of the class". The teacher said

--> The teacher prevented us from going out of the class.

9. Lời cảnh báo

S + warned sb against /əꞌgenst/ + V-ing

Ex: " Don't go out alone at night". My father said to me

-- > My father warned me against going out alone at night.

10. Niềm mơ ước

S + dreamed of V-ing

Ex: "I've always wanted to be rich". Hanh said

 -- > Hanh has always dreamed of being rich.

Lưu ý khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp:

- Chuyển đại từ nhân xưng, chủ ngữ, tân ngữ, tính từ sở hữu, đại từ sở hữu ngôi thứ nhất và thứ hai, ngôi ba giữ nguyên

- Nếu chủ ngữ ngoài "" chỉ ngôi thứ ba thì đổi như sau :

I -- >  he/ she

 me --> himher

mine -->  his / hers

my  ---> his/ her

we -- > they

our(s) -->  their(s)

us -- > them

Ex : The teacher said : "You must do all your exercises"

-- > The teacher said that they had to do all their exercises.

My mother said : " I don't like your new boy friend"

--> My mother told me that She didn't like my new boy friend

- Chuyển thì của động từ như sau :

· HTĐ (V/Vs/Ves) -->  QKĐ (Ved/ V cột 2)

· HTTD (am/is/are V-ing) -->  QKTD (was/were V-ing)

· QKĐ (Ved/ V cột 2) -->  QKHT (had P2)

HTHT (has/ have P2)

· QKTD (was/were V-ing)                     --->  QKHTTD (had been V-ing)

HTHTTD (has/have been V-ing)

· will _-->  would , can ---> could, shall -->  should, may -->  might

· must -->  had to /must

· would, could, should, might giữ nguyên

- chuyển trạng từ chỉ thời gian , địa điểm như sau :

· here -->  there

· this -->  that

· these --> those

· now -->  then

· ago --> before

· today -->  that day

· tonight --> that night

· yesterday --->  the day before (the previous day)

· last (week, month, ...) -- >  the ( week, month, ...)before

· tomorrow  -- > the following day (the next day)

· next (week, month,...) -->  the following (week, month, ...)